[SCENARIO-BASED ] Grunt Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is a Grunt?

Ans:

A JavaScript task runner, which can automate a tasks like minification, compilation, unit testing, checking js errors. Once configured, a one doesn’t have to worry about the tasks.

2. Why use a Grunt?

Ans:

Has become very famous and has tons of plugins to choose from. These plugins are great assets for any app to automate the various things with minimum effort.

3. How do install Grunt?

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Grunt and Grunt plugins are installed and managed by npm, the Node.js package manager. To install grunt, first ensure a npm is installed properly.

4. What does ~ (tilde) sign means in a package.json?

Ans:

In simplest terms, the tilde matches most recent minor version (the middle number). The caret, on other hand, is more relaxed. It will update to a most recent major version. but will hold off on 2.0.0. and can also explain the exact version number wish to use like “1.3.5” or to always use latest version, simply use latest or *.

5. What are the Grunt modules/plugins?

Ans:

Grunt modules are distributed through a Node’s NPM directory. Normally, they are prefixed with a grunt- and official grunt plugins are prefixed with grunt-contrib. Example: grunt-contrib-uglify. And can get a list of all grunt a plugins here.

6. What is difference between –save and –save-dev?

Ans:

save and	save-dev
DevDependencies are for development-related scripts, e.g. unit testing, packaging scripts, documentation generation, etc.	Dependencies are required for a production use, and assumed required for dev as well. As for example, and can include some plugin which you require during development like (for debugging or unit testing).

7. How do install a Grunt plugin?

Ans:

• Install a grunt-init with npm install -g grunt-init.
• Run a a grunt-init gruntplugin in an empty directory.
• Run npm install to prepare a development environment.
• Author plugin.
• Run npm publish to publish a Grunt plugin to npm.

8. How would describe a Grunt?

Ans:

An excellent of JavaScript task manager, it has more features and capabilities. While working on task, operators have access to capabilities that are beyond their comprehension.

9. How do uninstall Grunt?

Ans:

• To uninstall npm module from project node_modules folder, run: npm uninstall module –save.
• To uninstall npm module that was installed globally, run.
• To install a npm module, run.
• Good things to know about a Grunt.
• On npm and a sudo.
• sudo doesn’t play well with a npm.

10.Do know how to use a Grunt technology in a few steps?

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• The first step is to merge a given files together.
• Running the test.
• Minimization of a script length.

11. How popular is a Grunt right now? Do have any ideas?

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Well, Grunt is the managing tool that is even used in large-scale corporations in a present scenario. It has also been recognized as one of the best tools in its class by a lot of an experts that are responsible for testing. There are other factors like reliability that have contributed to its success. When it comes to a accuracy, Grunt can simply be trusted for any kind of the project without worrying about anything.

12. What are examples of a tasks in grunt?

Ans:

Given a specified configuration, this example multi task would log foo: 1,2,3 if Grunt was run by grunt log:foo , or it would log bar: hello world if Grunt was run by grunt log:bar . If Grunt was run grunt log however, it would log foo: 1,2,3 then bar: hello world then a baz: false . grunt.

13.Why is a Task Runner necessary?

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Task runners are unsung heroes of most web and mobile applications, quietly working behind a scenes. Workflows like a concatenating files, starting up a new development servers, and generating code are all made easier with the task runners.

14.What is a grunt process?

Ans:

Grunt is the JavaScript task runner, a tool used to automatically perform a frequent tasks such as minification, compilation, unit testing, and linting. It uses command-line interface to run custom tasks explained in a file (known as a Gruntfile). Grunt was created by a Ben Alman and is written in Node. js.

15. Which file holds the metadata for a grunt plugin?

Ans:

Package. json: This file is used by a npm to store metadata for projects published as a npm modules. So basically, there will be a list of all the Grunt plugins, along with grunt which project is using.

16.Which command is used to group all tasks under one roof so that it makes things easy for a developers?

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A RegisterTask(taskName, [description, ] taskList) and can group all the tasks under one roof.

17. How do pass a parameter to a grunt task?

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Another way to share the parameter across multiple tasks would be to use a grunt. option . In this example, running grunt deploy –target=staging on a command line would cause grunt. option(‘target’) to return “staging”.

18. Can override a default settings of a plugin? If yes, then how?

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Yes, can override. Inside a task configuration, an options property may be specified to the override built-in defaults. In addition, every target may have an options property which is specific to that target.

19. What is a npm and Grunt?

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Npm is a command-line interface to npm ecosystem. … Grunt can be classified as a tool in a “JS Build Tools / JS Task Runners” category, while npm is a grouped under “Front End Package Manager”.

20. How do programmers benefit from a Grunt’s automation?

Ans:

In fact, Grunt can do a range of jobs that guarantee bug-free results, which is currently a most important need in IT. A large amount of money must be spent ona testing projects, and grunting all time ensures that this can be minimised to a maximum extent.

21. What is a gulp and Grunt?

Ans:

gulp and Grunt are the task runners. They are various approaches to the same problem. Grunt uses configuration based approach, while gulp uses streams from node to the achieve results use them to explain how and which tasks to .

22. What is task in Grunt?

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Tasks are the grunt’s bread and butter. Every time Grunt is run, can specify one or more tasks to run, which tells Grunt what would like it to do. Target’s can also have their own option parameters which will override a settings of options explained for the task.

23. What does a grunt clean do?

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Grunt will clean up the build with a grunt-contrib-clean to make sure that no artifacts from the previous builds are hanging around.

24.What is configuration of a grunt plugin?

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config. Access project-specific configuration data explained in a Gruntfile . Note that any method marked with (unicode snowman) is also available directly on grunt object, and any method marked with a ☆ (white star) is also available inside tasks on this object.

25.How do set up a grunt?

Ans:

grunt. initConfig({ copy: { a production: { files: [{ an expand: true, cwd: ‘dev/’, src: [‘*’], dest: ‘dist/’, rename: a function (dest, src) { // The `dest` and `src` values can be passed into function return a dest + src. replace(‘beta’,”).

26. How do run a grunt command?

Ans:

A Run sudo npm install -g grunt-cli.The grunt command-line interface comes with the series of options. Use grunt -h from a terminal to show these options.

27. How do set up/configure Grunt?

Ans:

Package.json	Gruntfile
This file is used by a npm to save metadata for projects published as a npm modules. So basically, there will be a list of all the Grunt plugins, along with grunt which project is using.	This file is named Gruntfile.js and is used to configure or explain tasks and load Grunt plugins.

28. How do install global grunt?

Ans:

• Make sure that have set up package.json or setup a new one: npm init.
• Install a Grunt CLI as global: npm install -g grunt-cli.
• Install a Grunt in your local project: npm install grunt –save-dev.
• Install any Grunt Module may need in the build process.

29. What Is –shop-dev Option While Installing a Grunt?

Ans:

“package deal.Json” file holds a metadata for grunt plugins. So while grunt is set up using a use of –save-dev alternative, the metadata is introduced to package.Json. So don’t have to upload it manually. And this is how package deal.Json will seem like:

• “call”: “my-venture-name”,
• “model”: “zero.1.Zero”,
• “devDependencies”:
• “grunt”: “~zero.Four.5”,
• “grunt-contrib-jshint”: “~0.10.Zero”,
• “grunt-contrib-nodeunit”: “~zero.Four.1”,
• “grunt-contrib-uglify”: “~0.Five.0”.

30. Is it feasible to use a Grunt to check for JS errors?

Ans:

Grunt may be used to check for a JS errors, of course. In most cases, Grunt technology takes care of a labour. But if necessary, it is possible to alter results using a separate display screen. Grunt is believed to have a substantially lower risk of the errors.

31. What is a grunt deploy?

Ans:

The Grunt option API is for sharing the parameters across multiple tasks and accessing parameters set on a command line. An example would be a flag to target whether build is for development or staging. On a command line: grunt deploy –target=staging would cause a grunt. option(‘target’) to return “staging” .

32. What does a grunt work mean?

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Grunt work is an expression used to explain thankless and menial work. Grunt work can also refer to a jobs that either lack glamour and prestige or are the boring and repetitive.

33. What does it mean to be a grunted?

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It is of a person) to make the short, low sound instead of speaking, usually because of an anger or pain: hauled himself over the wall, grunting with a effort. [ + speech ] “Too tired,” grunted and sat down.

34. How do stop my watch from the grunting?

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If it’s a task that are currently running can stop it with ctrl + c. If it’s a task that is running in background and can find his process id (pid) with ps aux | grep grunt and then kill it with a kill {pid}.

35. Is grunt be installed?

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Grunt and Grunt plugins are installed and managed by npm, a Node. js package manager. Grunt 0.4.

36. What is grunt shell?

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Grunt shell is the shell command. The Grunts shell of Apache pig is mainly used to write a pig Latin scripts. Pig script can be executed with a grunt shell which is native shell provided by an Apache pig to execute pig queries. And can invoke a shell commands using sh and fs.

37. Using this method, what is a primary objective, and may it be beneficial in a long run?

Ans:

Using a Grunt has resulted in many excellent outcomes. Its primary goal is to automate the variety of necessary tasks. When it comes to a tedious, time-consuming duties, computer programmers and creators may always ensure that are compilation and testing are correct.

38. Where Do Define Configuration Of a Grunt Plugin?

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Grunt plugin configuration needs to be explained within grunt.InitConfig technique. See a beneath pattern code:

39. What is difference between the Webpack and Gulp?

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The basic difference is Gulp is the task runner, whereas Webpack is bundler. Hence, Webpack can run a majority of functions by itself without help of any other applications. In a bundle, there are provisions for the running tasks, minification and source maps in a system.

40. Which are most used a grunt plugins?

Ans:

Watch: a Run predefined tasks are whenever watched file patterns are added, changed or deleted.

Jshint: Validate a files with JSHint.

Uglify: Minify files with the UglifyJS.

Concat: Concatenate a files.

Cssmin: Minify a CSS.

Less: Compile LESS files to a CSS.

41. How do use a Grunt?

Ans:

• Install a Node. js and Grunt.
• Create package. json and list dependencies (Grunt and plugins).
• Install a NPM modules.
• Create a Gruntfile. js .
• Configure tasks and need to run.
• Run those tasks in a command line while work.

42. How to get stack trace when an error occurs?

Ans:

• Use a –stack option to see stack traces.
• And it looks like .
• grunt task –stack.

43. Is a Grunt still used?

Ans:

The Grunt community is still going strong and both tools look are they’re going to be around for while yet. should mention that another up and coming alternative to the task runners like Grunt and Gulp is simply using a npm scripts with the command-line tools.

44. What is grunt in a military?

Ans:

A colloquialism for an infantrymen in the Army and Marine Corps, grunts are military’s door kickers and trigger pullers, in short, they’re the pointy end of spear. Related: Here’s The Grossest, Most POG Thing Ever Done » By contrast, the term POG — person other than a grunt — refers to non-infantry personnel.

45.What are examples of tasks in Grunt?

Ans:

Tasks are the grunt’s bread and butter. The stuff do most often, like jshint or nodeunit . Each time Grunt is run, can specify one or more tasks to run, which tells Grunt what like it to do. If don’t specify a task, but a task named “default” has been explained , that task will run (unsurprisingly) by default.

46. What Is Task In a Grunt?

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Tasks are the grunt’s bread and butter. Each time Grunt is run, and specify one or extra responsibilities to run, which tells Grunt Grunt.InitConfig:

47. What is grunting baby?

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Grunting is normal sound for baby to make a during sleep, along with gurgles, squeaks, and snores. Most of these sounds are completely normal and do not indicate any health or the breathing problems. To lower the risk of any breathing issues during sleep make sure: baby’s clothes are loose, but not too loose.

48. What does a grunt watch do?

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Grunt can watch the project files for changes. This means that can be coding along on big website project and Grunt will be automatically process the Sass files every time to make a change and save these files.

49. What is grunt sound?

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A grunt is the short, deep sound. It’s an animal-like sound that people make when they are inarticulate, angry, sullen, or lazy — or sometimes if they’re hurt or afraid. Pigs and the other animals grunt too, no matter what may be. The Old English root word, grunnettan, most likely came from a sound of a grunt.

50. What are the key features of a Grunt?

Ans:

Grunt minifies a JavaScript, CSS files, testing files, compiling CSS preprocessor files (SASS, LESS), etc. Grunt includes the built-in tasks that extend the functionality of plugins and scripts. It speeds up a development workflow and enhances a performance of projects.

51. What is mean by a Unit Testing in JavaScript? Does Grunt have any application with it?

Ans:

A project is a built in many sections and in fact by various t teams. The outcome of each team is considered as a unit. The unit can also be a part of any project based on the computer language. Every unit is tested before it is integrated with a final project. In Java, there is separate approach for this that can simply to be considered. Grunt plays an important role by checking every unit one after one when it is used. Thus, the outcomes are be always superior.

52. What is a role of the Node.Js package manager with implementation of Grunt?

Ans:

A grunt is famous approach. Before using it, it needs to be installed like any other application. The Node.js package manager along with an npm is responsible for the proper installation of a Grunt, as well as a Grunt plug-in.

53. Which Are Most Used a Grunt Plugins?

Ans:

Run predefined responsibilities every time watched record styles are added, modified or deleted:

Jshint: Validate documents with a JSHint.

uglify: Minify documents with a UglifyJS.

concat: Concatenate a documents.

Cssmin: Minify a CSS.

less: Compile LESS files to the CSS.

54. What exactly do know about the configuration of Grunt?

Ans:

Grunt can be installed through a Node.Js and after the installation is complete, users need to perform a basic step for its final configuration and i.e. adding two various files in it. These are:

• Gruntfile.js.
• Package.json.

55. Explain a role of –save-dev the option. Where is it used?

Ans:

This option is used while installing a Grunt. When this option is enabled during installation, it automatically adds a metadata to the package.json. It is also possible to add it manually for getting the desirable results or in case only need to use a part of metadata for the final outcome. This is actually a general approach while handling a small-scale projects.

56. Is it possible to run a multiple tasks together in Grunt?

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Yes, this can be done. Generally, developers can save the lot of time with help of this approach.

57. On Node.js, where exactly can find a Grunt?

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It is basically written on a top of Node.Js.

58. Mention a few stages where will use a Grunt?

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• Concatenating a given files.
• Test running.
• Running JShint.
• Script minimization.

59. If see a tilde sign in a package.json, what does it actually mean?

Ans:

It basically represents that there is a need to update a package or the application. The same can be a done after its be appearance. Basically, it is an indicator to let user know that there is a new version available now and the existing one can simply be updated to a latest package.

60.How do stop a Grunt serve?

Ans:

• If it’s a task that are currently running and can stop it with ctrl + c.
• If it’s a task that is running in background can find his process id (pid) with ps aux | grep grunt and then kill it with a kill {pid}.

61. What is other name of plugins in the Grunt?

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They are also known as a Grunt modules.

62. Explain distribution of plug-ins in a Grunt?

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Well, they are distributed with help of the NPM directory. Most of time they are prefixed with a grunt however, it is possible to use them separately or for the another purpose very simply. Users need not worry about anything. There is not always a need to call entire directory in case only one plug-in is to be required. Also, installing a Grunt doesn’t always mean you need to install all plug-ins at the same time. They can be installed later when need for same is felt.

63.Can write a basic command for installation of the Grunt Plugin? Can it also be installed without writing code?

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npm install –save-dev.

64. How To Install And Use a Grunt.Js?

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• Create a package deal.Json and list dependencies (Grunt and plugins).
• Install a NPM modules.
• Create a Gruntfile.Js.
• Configure obligations need to run.
• Run ones duties inside the command line at a same time as work.

65. In Grunt, what if need a recent version of a plug-in and not latest one. What can be done about this?

Ans:

Well, if the installation of plug-in is considered by default, it always installs a latest version available. However, the fact that there can be a need for previous version anytime cannot be denied. To install a same, a manual procedure can be adopted. This can be done by mentioning the same in a command and installation will be after that.

66. What is a command that need to execute removing a Grunt?

Ans:

npm uninstall grunt It must be noted that if are using a Grunt for a long time, there is always a need for to remove some files manually from the memory after installation of the Grunt. Not all files are necessary to be removed when uninstall the Grunt from a system.

67. What exactly do know about a Grunt-cli? Explain its significance?

Ans:

It is basically nothing but a command-line interface that is considered in a Grunt for the running the commands. It can also be explained as a tool that is used for accessing a Grunt from the command line. There is no strict upper limit on location. It can be accessed from The any location .

68. Is it possible to run a two various versions of Grunt on the system at same time?

Ans:

Yes, it’s possible. There are actually 2 components available that can be considered for this task. The legacy version or component is famous one that is used when modifications are need in the old projects. The Grunt-cli is helpful in making it possible to run a two different versions at a same time.

69. Mention procedure of how Gruntfile.js can make use of a package.json?

Ans:

First, task configuration needs to be specified simply in a grunt file. Next is to enable a grunt to read the information from package and save it. It simply enables the Grunt to use attributes from package.json file.

70. How do you handle grunt work?

Ans:

Change Mindset. Giving a term “grunt work” a more desirable title can bea surprisingly effective in changing approach.Stop Waiting. Stick to It.

71. In Grunt final output, is it possible to assign any name to the file or it needs to be chosen from a default?

Ans:

It can be assigned any name provided no other file with the similar name already exists.

72. It is possible for users or Grunt to override a default settings of the plug-in they install. How can this be done?

Ans:

Yes, it is a possible to do this simply. For this, a user can simply specify a options property. As each target has an options property, the task can simply be finished in no time.

73. What is significance of a task in a Grunt? Name any two tasks that can define?

Ans:

Tasks are very closely associated with a Grunt. They can be considered as integral part of this approach. The fact is whenever run a Grunt, there is a need for to specify a task which makes the grunt familiar with task that want to perform. It is possible simply to specify a more than one task. Examples of a tasks are:

• Uglify
• Concat

74. Is it possible for users to load a plug-in of grunt in a Gruntfile.js?

Ans:

grunt.loadNpmTasks(‘grunt-contrib-uglify’); need to make sure before executing this command that .

75. Can state the difference between the two popular options in a Grunt and i.e. –save and –save-dev?

Ans:

A Grunt file has two dependencies sections that can be used to add packages and sections. These alternatives carry out both of these actions. If these options are not used, data will not be saved at its a default positions and needs to be uploaded again and again which consumes the lot of time.

76. What are the grunt tools?

Ans:

• Jshint
• Concat
• Less
• Uglify
• watc

77. Why Use Task Runner?

Ans:

• Consistency.
• Effectiveness.
• Efficiency.
• Repeatability.
• and so on.

78. What Are Advantages?

Ans:

• Access too many predefined plugins that can be used to work with a JavaScript tasks and on static content.
• All task runners have following properties: consistency, effectiveness, efficiency, repeatability, etc.
• Allows users to customize a tasks using a predefined plugins.
• Prefers a configuration approach to coding.
• Allows users to add their own plugins and to publish them to npm.

79.What Are the Grunt modules/plugins?

Ans:

Grunt modules are distributed through a Node’s NPM directory. Normally, they are prefixed with the grunt- and official grunt plugins are prefixed with a grunt-contrib.

80.Is a Grunt build tool?

Ans:

Grunt is the task-based command line build tool for a JavaScript projects.

81. Is it possible to check a JS errors with help of Grunt?

Ans:

Yes, it can simply be done. Most of time Grunt performs this task automatically and without an interference of the user. However, it is possible to customize a results by applying various filters in case need for the same is felt. The chance of occurrence of the errors after Grunt is considered as a very less.

82. What exactly do mean by a term “Minification” in JavaScript? What is its significance?

Ans:

Well, the fact is coding is a basis of any project based on a computer languages. While writing a codes, there is a need to repeat the tasks frequently such as calling a function again and again. Grunt cut down this issue simply by making this simpler and time-saving. This is exactly what is considered minification. This approach basically enables a developers to save their valuable time and organizations can simply save a large sum of money on the large-scale projects. This is exactly why it is considered to be relevant.

83. What is prime motive of using this approach according to and it can be beneficial in a long run?

Ans:

Grunt has got lot of favorable results after its introduction. Its a prime motive is to automate different important tasks. Programmers and developers can always make sure of a simple compilation as well as testing of tasks that are time-consuming and often have errors in them.

84. Does a Grunt automate a tasks that programmers perform?

Ans:

Yes, Grunt is capable of automating so many tasks that are assure outcomes free from any form of bugs that is a prime requirement in the IT sector presently. Organizations have to spend very large sum of money on testing a projects. Grunt always makes sure that are same can be reduced up to a possible extent.

85. What is the command that you need to execute removing the Grunt?

Ans:

The following command can be executed for npm uninstall grunt It must be noted that if using a Grunt for a long time, there is always a need for you to remove some files manually from a memory after the installation of Grunt. Not all the files are necessary to be removed when uninstall the Grunt from system.

86. If see a tilde sign in a package.json, what does it actually means?

Ans:

It basically represents that there is need to update apackage or the application. The same can done after its appearance. Basically, it is an indicator to let a user know that there is a new version available now and the existing one can simply be updated to a latest package.

87.What are factors that should pay attention to when it comes to using a Grunt?

Ans:

Well, very first thing is a latest version of the tool. When it comes to getting error-free results, it is necessary that programmers pay attention to a version of the tool. Having latest version of a Java or grunt eliminates all the probabilities of error and simply makes sure of the best-written code.

88. Where exactly is a Grunt used in a JavaScript?

Ans:

Grunt is basically a helping tool that aims to cut down a code. Basically, it is used when there is a require to call functional or similar tasks again and again. The code can be made extremely simple and best part is programmers can easily maintain up the pace all the time irrespective of a tasks they perform. Because JavaScript is approach that can be considered for a lot of the applications, users need not worry about anything.

89. Why use a Grunt?

Ans:

Grunt has become more popular and has tons of plugins to choose from. These plugins are great assets for any app to automate the various things with a minimum efforts.

90. Mention a few stages where will use a Grunt?

Ans:

• Concatenating a given files.
• Test running.
• Running JShint.
• Script minimization.

91. Is grunt a Marine?

Ans:

POGs and Grunts – Though every Marine is the trained rifleman, infantry Marines (03XX MOS) lovingly call their non-infantry brothers and sisters POGs (pronounced “pogue,”) which is acronym that stands for a Personnel Other than Grunts. POGs call infantrymen Grunts, of course.

92. What causes a grunting?

Ans:

A grunting sound can be heard every time the person exhales. This grunting is a body’s way of trying to keep air in the lungs so they will stay open. Nose flaring. The openings of nose spreading open while breathing may mean that a person is having to work harder to a breathe.

93. What is a Gulp in node JS?

Ans:

Gulp is a task runner that uses a Node. js as a platform. It purely uses a JavaScript code and helps to run front-end tasks and large-scale web applications. Gulp builds a system automated tasks such CSS and HTML minification, concatenating library files, and compiling a SASS files.

94. What is a gulp used for?

Ans:

Gulp is the cross-platform, streaming task runner that lets developers automate many development tasks. At high level, gulp reads files as streams and pipes the streams to various tasks. These tasks are code-based and use a plugins. The tasks modify a files, building source files into production files.

95. How Does a Gruntfile.Js Uses Package.Json?

Ans:

Task configuration is laid out in a Gruntfile thru the grunt.InitConfig method. Inside of a grunt.InitConfig(),read the statistics from package deal.Json and stored it in a pkg belongings. With this, and can use the attributes from a bundle.Json report. And can name the name of project the use of pkg.Call and version with pkg.Model:

• Module.Exports = function(grunt)
• grunt.InitConfig(
• pkg: grunt.File.ReadJSON(‘package deal.Json’)
• );
• ;

96. What is a prime motive of using this approach according to and it can be beneficial in a long run?

Ans:

Grunt has got lot of favorable results after its introduction. Its prime motive is to automate different important tasks. Programmers and developers can always make sure of a simple compilation as well as testing of tasks that are time-consuming and often have errors in them.

97. What exactly do mean by the term “Minification” in a JavaScript? What is its significance?

Ans:

Well, fact is coding is the basis of any project based on a computer languages. While writing a codes, there is a need to repeat the tasks frequently such as calling the function again and again. Grunt cut down this issue simply by making this simpler and time-saving. This is exactly what is considered a minification. This approach basically enables a developers to save their valuable time and organizations can simply save a large sum of money on a large-scale projects.

98. Is it possible to check a JS errors with help of Grunt?

Ans:

Yes, it can simply be done. Most of time Grunt performs this task automatically and without an interference of the user. However, it is possible to customize a results by applying different filters in case the need for a same is felt. The chance of occurrence of errors after Grunt is considered as a very less.

99.What is other name of plugins in the Grunt?

Ans:

They are also known as a Grunt modules.

100. Explain a role of –save-dev the option. Where it is used?

Ans:

This option is used while installing a Grunt. When this option is enabled during a installation, it automatically adds a metadata to the package.json. It is also possible to add it manually for getting the desirable results or in case only need to use a part of metadata for final outcome. This is actually a common approach while handling a small-scale projects.