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Goto Statement in Python

Last updated on 21st Sep 2020, Artciles, Blog, Software Engineering

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GOTO is a statement of the early beginnings of programming. It is rarely used in high-level code today.Code that makes use of it is called Spaghetti code by some people. I have almost never seen goto statements in code, so I’ve been curious about them.

Python

Python does NOT offer GOTO. However, somebody made a GOTO module for April Fools’ Day. See goto in Python if you’re still interested.

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Java

Java has no goto statement. Studies illustrated that goto is (mis)used more often than not simply “because it’s there”. Eliminating goto led to a simplification of the language–there are no rules about the effects of a goto into the middle of a for statement, for example. Studies on approximately 100,000 lines of C code determined that roughly 90 percent of the goto statements were used purely to obtain the effect of breaking out of nested loops. As mentioned above, multi-level break and continue remove most of the need for goto statements.

C++

GOTO works in C++. Here is a minimal example:

Minimal Example

  • int main(){
  • int test = 0;
  • start:;
  • if (test > 10) {
  • goto end;
  • } else {
  • test += 7;
  • goto start;
  • }
  • end:;
  • cout << “test: ” << test << endl;
  • return 0;
  • output;
  • test: 14
  • }

Euclidean GCD algorithm 

Most of you might know the euclidean algorithm for calculating the greatest common divisor in a version like this one:

  • #include <iostream>
  • using namespace std;
  • int euclidGCD(int a, int b) {
  • while (b != 0) {
  • int m = a % b;
  • a = b;
  • b = m;
  • }
  • return a;
  • }
  • int main(){
  • // Outputs 20
  • cout << “GCD of 340 and 32760: ” << euclidGCD(340, 32760) <<endl;
  • return 0;
  • }

Here is a goto-version that works perfectly fine:

  • #include <iostream>
  • using namespace std;
  • int euclidGCD(int a, int b) {
  • if (b > a) goto b_larger;
  • while (1) {
  • a = a % b;
  • if (a == 0) return b;
  • b_larger:
  • b = b % a;
  • if (b == 0) return a;
  • }
  • }
  • int main(){
  • cout << “GCD of 340 and 32760: ” << euclidGCD(340, 32760) <<endl;
  • return 0;
  • }
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  • #include <iostream>
  • using namespace std;
  • int myFunction(int i) {
  • i += 1;
  • inFunctionLabel:;
  • i += 1;
  • return i;
  • }
  • int main(){
  • int test = 0;
  •  goto inFunctionLabel;
  •  cout << “test: ” << test << endl;
  • return 0;
  • }

Compiler error:

gotoExample.cpp: In function &lsquo;int myFunction(int)&rsquo;:

gotoExample.cpp:7: warning: label &lsquo;inFunctionLabel&rsquo; defined but not used

gotoExample.cpp: In function &lsquo;int main()&rsquo;:

gotoExample.cpp:15: error: label &lsquo;inFunctionLabel&rsquo; used but not defined

So goto is at least bound to its scope.

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